Name: Crossville Livestock Auction livestock auction prices — 2025-03-01
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2025-03-01

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week Slaughter Cows 4 to 5 lower. There were insufficient receipts of Slaughter Bulls and Feeder Cattle to establish a market comparison, however Feeders trended higher.

Weight class

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb heifers averaged $282.54/cwt on 28 head. That ranks 1 of 30 comparable sales and sits −99.48 against this barn's trailing median of $382.02.

Average price

$282.54

28 head · 540 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,527

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$313

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Medium and Large 3

$59.26/cwt at this weight

vs the market

+0.36

vs TN average

−24.47 vs national

What quality paid 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	538	292.23	1,571	21
Medium and Large 2	552	261.67	1,444	5thin
Medium and Large 3	540	232.97	1,258	2thin

One grade step is worth $59.26/cwt here — about $313 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 400–500 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

30 sales

Heifers 500–600 lb: high $456.21, low $333.47, median $382.02 across 30 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale28 hd

282.54

—

TN average13 barns · 807 hd

282.18

+0.36

National average189 barns · 18,586 hd

307.01

−24.47

This barn, trailing median30 sales

382.02

−99.48

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	High	1,544	153.80	2,374	3thin
Cows	Boner 80-85%	High	1,202	139.99	1,682	25
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Low	1,404	136.67	1,919	5thin
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	1,131	119.01	1,346	19

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,212	$2,425	2thin
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,300	$2,325	1thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1,280	$2,208	4thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,237	$2,087	3thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1,290	$2,080	12
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1,000	$2,060	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo)	Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1,125	$2,016	3thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	975	$1,800	1thin
Bred Heifers	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	(<2 yrs)	1,010	$2,150	1thin

Every lot, as filed

109 lots · USDA AMS · Crossville Stockyard - Crossville, TN

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added.

Class	Grade / description	Weight	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	700–750	733	214.09/cwt	204.00–229.00	1,569	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	600–650	635	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,588	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	350–400	383	284.74/cwt	255.00–310.00	1,091	8
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	300–350	320	339.69/cwt	330.00–350.00	1,087	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	850–900	855	214.00/cwt	214.00–214.00	1,830	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	250–300	263	307.34/cwt	300.00–320.00	808	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	500–550	520	279.00/cwt	279.00–279.00	1,451	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	400–450	428	311.69/cwt	280.00–327.00	1,334	4
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	650–700	660	263.00/cwt	263.00–263.00	1,736	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	850–900	880	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	2,112	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	450–500	487	289.09/cwt	280.00–297.00	1,408	3
Steers	Medium and Large 2	450–500	475	345.20/cwt	336.00–355.00	1,640	2
Steers	Medium and Large 2	250–300	265	415.00/cwt	415.00–415.00	1,100	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	350–400	395	395.00/cwt	395.00–395.00	1,560	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	700–750	725	264.00/cwt	264.00–264.00	1,914	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	400–450	417	360.40/cwt	340.00–370.00	1,503	3
Steers	Medium and Large 2	550–600	560	265.11/cwt	253.00–271.00	1,485	3
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 2	—	955	1,800.00/head	1,800.00–1,800.00	1,800	1
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 2	—	1,165	2,120.00/head	2,120.00–2,120.00	2,120	2
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 2	—	975	1,800.00/head	1,800.00–1,800.00	1,800	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	550–600	588	267.90/cwt	254.00–275.00	1,575	5
Steers	Medium and Large 2	900–950	910	235.00/cwt	235.00–235.00	2,139	1
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1	—	1,380	2,020.00/head	2,020.00–2,020.00	2,020	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	650–700	658	254.94/cwt	250.00–260.00	1,678	2
Bred Heifers	Medium and Large 1	—	1,010	2,150.00/head	2,150.00–2,150.00	2,150	1
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1	—	1,212	2,425.00/head	2,425.00–2,425.00	2,425	2
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 2	—	1,275	2,080.00/head	2,080.00–2,080.00	2,080	2
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 2	—	1,125	2,016.45/head	2,000.00–2,050.00	2,016	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	550–600	573	259.78/cwt	249.00–270.00	1,489	3
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	450–500	482	319.77/cwt	314.00–330.00	1,541	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	800–850	810	230.00/cwt	230.00–230.00	1,863	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	750–800	770	205.00/cwt	205.00–205.00	1,579	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	350–400	379	360.80/cwt	330.00–380.00	1,367	5
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	500–550	523	300.00/cwt	299.00–301.00	1,569	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	900–950	900	197.00/cwt	197.00–197.00	1,773	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	500–550	520	319.00/cwt	319.00–319.00	1,659	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	800–850	820	201.00/cwt	201.00–201.00	1,648	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	600–650	614	264.47/cwt	250.00–275.00	1,624	6
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	400–450	425	346.60/cwt	325.00–370.00	1,473	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	450–500	484	335.66/cwt	323.00–344.00	1,625	5
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	500–550	540	232.97/cwt	230.00–236.00	1,258	2
Bulls	Small 1	500–550	508	237.03/cwt	231.00–243.00	1,204	2
Bulls	Small 1	650–700	660	254.00/cwt	254.00–254.00	1,676	1
Bulls	Small 1	600–650	630	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	1,512	1
Heifers	Small 1	450–500	470	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,175	1
Bulls	Small 1	450–500	490	288.00/cwt	288.00–288.00	1,411	1
Bulls	Small 1	400–450	435	357.50/cwt	357.50–357.50	1,555	1
Steers	Small 1Fleshy	600–650	605	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	1,331	1
Cows	Boner 80-85%	—	1,295	158.00/cwt	158.00–158.00	2,046	1
Cows	Boner 80-85%	—	1,194	142.66/cwt	134.50–151.00	1,703	17
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	1,097	111.85/cwt	103.00–122.50	1,227	10
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	1,168	126.97/cwt	119.50–133.50	1,483	9
Bulls	—	—	1,905	180.50/cwt	180.50–180.50	3,439	1
Bulls	—	—	1,363	140.45/cwt	140.00–141.00	1,914	2
Steers	Medium and Large 3	600–650	620	212.00/cwt	212.00–212.00	1,314	1
Bred Cows	Large 1-2	—	1,300	2,325.00/head	2,325.00–2,325.00	2,325	1
Bred Cows	Large 2	—	1,225	2,353.06/head	2,200.00–2,500.00	2,353	2
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	—	1,300	124.92/cwt	123.00–127.00	1,624	2
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	—	1,473	144.51/cwt	139.50–150.00	2,129	3
Cows	Boner 80-85%	—	1,207	130.93/cwt	126.00–134.00	1,580	7
Steers	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	450–500	495	321.00/cwt	321.00–321.00	1,589	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	700–750	728	240.98/cwt	240.00–242.00	1,754	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	600–650	626	264.00/cwt	264.00–264.00	1,653	3
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	300–350	335	380.00/cwt	380.00–380.00	1,273	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	350–400	352	321.00/cwt	321.00–321.00	1,130	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	500–550	520	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,300	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1Fancy	500–550	540	298.00/cwt	298.00–298.00	1,609	2
Steers	Medium and Large 1	350–400	375	401.00/cwt	401.00–401.00	1,504	1
Steers	Medium and Large 1	600–650	615	316.00/cwt	316.00–316.00	1,943	1
Steers	Medium and Large 1	650–700	668	281.95/cwt	280.00–284.00	1,883	2
Steers	Medium and Large 1	550–600	586	306.43/cwt	291.00–312.00	1,796	8
Steers	Medium and Large 1	700–750	708	271.69/cwt	258.00–282.00	1,924	4
Steers	Medium and Large 1	750–800	780	242.00/cwt	242.00–242.00	1,888	1
Steers	Medium and Large 1	250–300	295	403.00/cwt	403.00–403.00	1,189	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	850–900	895	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	1,790	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	600–650	616	265.01/cwt	259.00–274.00	1,632	10
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	700–750	710	247.00/cwt	247.00–247.00	1,754	1
Steers	Medium and Large 1	500–550	533	307.01/cwt	304.00–308.00	1,636	4
Steers	Medium and Large 1	400–450	420	394.30/cwt	389.00–400.00	1,656	2
Steers	Medium and Large 1	450–500	450	375.00/cwt	375.00–375.00	1,688	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	400–450	425	334.86/cwt	323.00–339.00	1,423	8
Heifers	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	500–550	505	318.02/cwt	316.00–320.00	1,606	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	350–400	365	344.00/cwt	344.00–344.00	1,256	2
Steers	Medium and Large 1Value Added	550–600	573	320.00/cwt	319.00–320.50	1,834	3
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1	—	1,000	2,060.00/head	2,060.00–2,060.00	2,060	1
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1	—	1,388	2,343.55/head	1,910.00–2,625.00	2,344	3
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1	—	1,310	2,011.15/head	1,820.00–2,200.00	2,011	8
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	550–600	551	309.76/cwt	294.00–315.00	1,707	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	350–400	393	403.73/cwt	400.00–407.50	1,587	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	300–350	320	415.00/cwt	415.00–415.00	1,328	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1Value Added	500–550	502	306.00/cwt	306.00–306.00	1,536	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 1Value Added	450–500	468	335.30/cwt	334.00–336.00	1,569	3
Steers	Medium and Large 1Value Added	800–850	827	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	2,068	3
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	450–500	480	355.46/cwt	350.00–370.00	1,706	14
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	700–750	710	259.65/cwt	258.00–261.00	1,844	3
Steers	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	400–450	420	420.00/cwt	420.00–420.00	1,764	1
Steers	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	300–350	322	426.00/cwt	426.00–426.00	1,372	3
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	400–450	429	368.26/cwt	367.00–369.00	1,580	4
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	500–550	525	294.82/cwt	291.00–298.00	1,548	8
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	750–800	781	236.80/cwt	235.00–237.00	1,849	10
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	350–400	368	333.24/cwt	320.00–340.00	1,226	4
Steers	Medium and Large 1Value Added	500–550	524	352.84/cwt	344.00–355.00	1,849	5
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	600–650	634	278.74/cwt	270.00–285.00	1,767	6
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	500–550	523	310.74/cwt	300.00–320.00	1,625	7
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	550–600	571	276.33/cwt	264.00–284.00	1,578	7
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	300–350	333	356.03/cwt	337.50–375.00	1,186	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	450–500	469	317.26/cwt	305.00–324.00	1,488	6
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	750–800	775	248.00/cwt	248.00–248.00	1,922	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	650–700	674	272.18/cwt	260.00–285.00	1,834	10

How this sale compares

Tennessee weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Tennessee auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Tennessee feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Crossville Stockyard - Crossville, TN

Sat Mar 1, 2025

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Nashville, TN (LS-NV)

Feeder CattleReceipts 317Last week 123Year ago 362

Slaughter CattleReceipts 57Last week 56Year ago 42

Replacement CattleReceipts 68Last week 43Year ago 128

Compared to last week Slaughter Cows 4 to 5 lower. There were insufficient receipts of Slaughter Bulls and Feeder Cattle to establish a market comparison, however Feeders trended higher.

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
3	250–300	263	300.00–320.00	307.34
2	300–350	320	330.00–350.00	339.69
8	350–400	383	255.00–310.00	284.74
4	400–450	428	280.00–327.00	311.69
3	450–500	487	280.00–297.00	289.09
1	500–550	520	279.00	279.00
3	550–600	573	249.00–270.00	259.78
1	600–650	635	250.00	250.00
1	650–700	660	263.00	263.00
3	700–750	733	204.00–229.00	214.09
1	750–800	770	205.00	205.00
1	800–850	810	230.00	230.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	500–550	540	230.00–236.00	232.97
Heifers — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	450–500	470	250.00	250.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	500–550	520	250.00	250.00
3	600–650	626	264.00	264.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
2	500–550	540	298.00	298.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
3	300–350	333	337.50–375.00	356.03
4	350–400	368	320.00–340.00	333.24
8	400–450	425	323.00–339.00	334.86
6	450–500	469	305.00–324.00	317.26
8	500–550	525	291.00–298.00	294.82
7	550–600	571	264.00–284.00	276.33
10	600–650	616	259.00–274.00	265.01
1	700–750	710	247.00	247.00
10	750–800	781	235.00–237.00	236.80
1	850–900	895	200.00	200.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	365	344.00	344.00
2	500–550	505	316.00–320.00	318.02
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
3	450–500	468	334.00–336.00	335.30
2	500–550	502	306.00	306.00
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	335	380.00	380.00
5	350–400	379	330.00–380.00	360.80
4	400–450	425	325.00–370.00	346.60
3	450–500	482	314.00–330.00	319.77
4	500–550	523	299.00–301.00	300.00
5	550–600	588	254.00–275.00	267.90
6	600–650	614	250.00–275.00	264.47
2	650–700	658	250.00–260.00	254.94
2	700–750	728	240.00–242.00	240.98
1	800–850	820	201.00	201.00
1	850–900	855	214.00	214.00
1	900–950	900	197.00	197.00
Bulls — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	352	321.00	321.00
5	450–500	484	323.00–344.00	335.66
2	500–550	520	319.00	319.00
Bulls — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	400–450	435	357.50	357.50
1	450–500	490	288.00	288.00
2	500–550	508	231.00–243.00	237.03
1	600–650	630	240.00	240.00
1	650–700	660	254.00	254.00
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	320	415.00	415.00
2	350–400	393	400.00–407.50	403.73
4	400–450	429	367.00–369.00	368.26
14	450–500	480	350.00–370.00	355.46
7	500–550	523	300.00–320.00	310.74
4	550–600	551	294.00–315.00	309.76
6	600–650	634	270.00–285.00	278.74
10	650–700	674	260.00–285.00	272.18
3	700–750	710	258.00–261.00	259.65
1	750–800	775	248.00	248.00
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	265	415.00	415.00
1	350–400	395	395.00	395.00
3	400–450	417	340.00–370.00	360.40
2	450–500	475	336.00–355.00	345.20
3	550–600	560	253.00–271.00	265.11
1	700–750	725	264.00	264.00
1	850–900	880	240.00	240.00
1	900–950	910	235.00	235.00
Steers — Small 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	600–650	605	220.00	220.00
Steers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	600–650	620	212.00	212.00
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	450–500	495	321.00	321.00
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	295	403.00	403.00
1	350–400	375	401.00	401.00
2	400–450	420	389.00–400.00	394.30
1	450–500	450	375.00	375.00
4	500–550	533	304.00–308.00	307.01
8	550–600	586	291.00–312.00	306.43
1	600–650	615	316.00	316.00
2	650–700	668	280.00–284.00	281.95
4	700–750	708	258.00–282.00	271.69
1	750–800	780	242.00	242.00
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
5	500–550	524	344.00–355.00	352.84
3	550–600	573	319.00–320.50	320.00
3	800–850	827	250.00	250.00
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
3	300–350	322	426.00	426.00
1	400–450	420	420.00	420.00

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	955	1,800.00	1,800.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,165	2,120.00	2,120.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	975	1,800.00	1,800.00
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,275	2,080.00	2,080.00
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	2nd/3rd Stage (4-9 mo)	3	—	1,125	2,000.00–2,050.00	2,016.45
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1$ per head · actual wt
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,380	2,020.00	2,020.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	2	—	1,212	2,425.00	2,425.00
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,000	2,060.00	2,060.00
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	3	—	1,388	1,910.00–2,625.00	2,343.55
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	8	—	1,310	1,820.00–2,200.00	2,011.15
Bred Cows — Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,300	2,325.00	2,325.00
Bred Cows — Large 2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,225	2,200.00–2,500.00	2,353.06
Bred Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per head · actual wt
(<2 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,010	2,150.00	2,150.00

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,295	158.00	158.00
17	—	1,194	134.50–151.00	142.66
7	—	1,207	126.00–134.00	130.93
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
10	—	1,097	103.00–122.50	111.85
9	—	1,168	119.50–133.50	126.97
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,300	123.00–127.00	124.92
3	—	1,473	139.50–150.00	144.51
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,905	180.50	180.50
2	—	1,363	140.00–141.00	140.45

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.

Feeder Cattle — prices, barns, and planning

Fed Cattle — the cash market and what quality pays

Beef & Retail — from the box to the grocery shelf

Feed & Hay — the cost side, cash not futures

Cows & Bred Stock — the rebuild market

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Crossville Livestock Auction

Reporter comment USDA

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

What quality paid 500–600 lb

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

How it compared 500–600 lb

Slaughter cattle

Replacement cattle Per head

Every lot, as filed

How this sale compares

Crossville Stockyard - Crossville, TN

Feeder Cattle

Replacement Cattle

Slaughter Cattle