Name: Turnersburg Livestock Auction livestock auction prices — 2024-06-03
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2024-06-03

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week slaughter cattle were 4.00 to 6.00 higher, while feeder cattle were 2.00 to 4.00 higher. Trade and demand were moderate with moderate offerings. Quality of cattle was average.

25 head Goats: 50.00 - 155.00; 13 head Sheep: 55.00 - 145.00; 7 head Baby Calves: 50.00 - 540.00

Weight class

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb heifers averaged $239.31/cwt on 60 head. That ranks 1 of 30 comparable sales and sits −129.54 against this barn's trailing median of $368.85.

Average price

$239.31

60 head · 545 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,305

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$416

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Medium and Large 3

$73.39/cwt at this weight

vs the market

−1.48

vs NC average

−33.72 vs national

What quality paid 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	548	249.94	1,369	47
Medium and Large 2	536	221.75	1,189	7thin
Medium and Large 3	539	176.55	952	6thin

One grade step is worth $73.39/cwt here — about $416 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 400–500 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

30 sales

Heifers 500–600 lb: high $402.97, low $301.32, median $368.85 across 30 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale60 hd

239.31

—

NC average8 barns · 158 hd

240.79

−1.48

National average170 barns · 13,742 hd

273.03

−33.72

This barn, trailing median30 sales

368.85

−129.54

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	High	1,458	158.45	2,310	19
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,856	149.73	2,779	4thin
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Average	1,298	138.53	1,798	109
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	988	110.10	1,088	25

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1,047	$1,702	6
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1,119	$1,648	7
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	853	$1,566	2thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	935	$2,027	9

Every lot, as filed

121 lots · USDA AMS · Harward Brothers Livestock Market - Turnersburg, NC

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added.

Class	Grade / description	Weight	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Steers	Medium and Large 1	450–500	469	297.74/cwt	280.00–318.00	1,396	15
Steers	Medium and Large 2	400–450	428	252.19/cwt	235.00–270.00	1,079	2
Dairy Steers	Large 3	550–600	575	197.00/cwt	197.00–197.00	1,133	1
Dairy Steers	Large 3	500–550	525	154.95/cwt	150.00–160.00	813	2
Cows	Boner 80-85%	—	1,303	136.98/cwt	127.00–148.00	1,785	99
Bulls	—	—	1,925	174.06/cwt	170.00–182.00	3,351	3
Bulls	—	—	1,120	145.00/cwt	145.00–145.00	1,624	1
Bulls	—	—	1,387	156.22/cwt	150.00–167.00	2,167	15
Steers	Medium and Large 2	300–350	325	253.58/cwt	235.00–270.00	824	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	750–800	765	147.16/cwt	130.00–165.00	1,126	2
Steers	Medium and Large 2	600–650	635	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,588	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	300–350	323	271.14/cwt	260.00–280.00	876	4
Cow-Calf Pairs	Medium and Large 1-2	—	795	2,092.45/head	2,025.00–2,175.00	2,092	2
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1-2	—	1,119	1,647.54/head	950.00–1,975.00	1,648	7
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1-2	—	853	1,566.06/head	1,300.00–1,775.00	1,566	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	600–650	621	230.74/cwt	220.00–237.00	1,433	6
Cow-Calf Pairs	Medium and Large 1-2	—	992	2,101.51/head	1,700.00–2,550.00	2,102	6
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	550–600	563	237.56/cwt	220.00–250.00	1,337	4
Steers	Medium and Large 1	500–550	516	300.13/cwt	287.00–315.00	1,549	16
Steers	Medium and Large 1	650–700	658	273.36/cwt	257.00–280.00	1,799	13
Steers	Medium and Large 1	800–850	838	205.95/cwt	190.00–222.00	1,726	2
Steers	Medium and Large 2	500–550	514	258.04/cwt	225.00–277.00	1,326	6
Steers	Medium and Large 1	600–650	618	282.12/cwt	270.00–297.00	1,744	12
Steers	Medium and Large 1	350–400	381	286.86/cwt	270.00–310.00	1,093	6
Steers	Medium and Large 1	300–350	337	298.43/cwt	290.00–315.00	1,006	6
Bred Cows	Medium and Large 1-2	—	1,121	1,792.60/head	1,650.00–1,900.00	1,793	5
Steers	Medium and Large 1	700–750	726	242.08/cwt	230.00–254.00	1,758	4
Cow-Calf Pairs	Medium and Large 1-2	—	870	1,450.00/head	1,450.00–1,450.00	1,450	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	850–900	870	159.27/cwt	144.00–175.00	1,386	7
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	750–800	762	166.86/cwt	150.00–185.00	1,271	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	600–650	620	234.71/cwt	220.00–255.00	1,455	20
Steers	Medium and Large 1	400–450	419	305.09/cwt	287.00–335.00	1,278	7
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	400–450	425	274.94/cwt	260.00–290.00	1,168	13
Steers	Medium and Large 1	550–600	579	302.94/cwt	280.00–319.00	1,754	33
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	800–850	809	172.23/cwt	152.00–190.00	1,393	8
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	250–300	278	302.03/cwt	287.00–315.00	840	6
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	550–600	573	248.23/cwt	230.00–275.00	1,422	21
Steers	Medium and Large 1	250–300	285	304.82/cwt	300.00–310.00	869	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	300–350	331	279.22/cwt	270.00–290.00	924	14
Steers	Medium and Large 1	750–800	765	236.00/cwt	236.00–236.00	1,805	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	700–750	725	226.80/cwt	202.00–245.00	1,644	14
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	200–250	208	310.20/cwt	300.00–315.00	645	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	900–950	923	155.59/cwt	140.00–177.00	1,436	5
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	350–400	374	282.86/cwt	260.00–297.00	1,058	19
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	650–700	678	226.11/cwt	222.00–236.00	1,533	9
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	500–550	527	251.32/cwt	230.00–270.00	1,324	26
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	350–400	375	292.26/cwt	270.00–327.00	1,096	15
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	950–1000	968	173.78/cwt	162.00–186.00	1,682	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	900–950	925	160.00/cwt	160.00–160.00	1,480	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	200–250	245	310.00/cwt	310.00–310.00	760	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	550–600	562	273.05/cwt	257.00–290.00	1,535	16
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	700–750	713	191.71/cwt	175.00–200.00	1,367	3
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	500–550	520	282.46/cwt	265.00–302.00	1,469	18
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	650–700	668	255.97/cwt	240.00–270.00	1,710	9
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	400–450	419	299.60/cwt	280.00–322.00	1,255	9
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	450–500	468	268.51/cwt	250.00–285.00	1,257	25
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	450–500	476	278.62/cwt	267.00–305.00	1,326	19
Cows	Boner 80-85%	—	1,248	153.89/cwt	149.00–160.00	1,921	10
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	935	97.68/cwt	92.00–100.00	913	3
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	692	78.75/cwt	72.00–86.00	545	3
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	1,234	125.01/cwt	121.00–126.00	1,543	5
Cows	Lean 85-90%	—	975	114.16/cwt	102.00–120.00	1,113	14
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	—	1,856	149.73/cwt	146.00–156.00	2,779	4
Dairy Heifers	Large 3	350–400	360	145.00/cwt	145.00–145.00	522	1
Dairy Steers	Large 3	450–500	460	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	782	1
Dairy Steers	Large 3	800–850	820	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	1,107	1
Dairy Steers	Large 3	700–750	735	143.50/cwt	142.00–145.00	1,055	2
Dairy Heifers	Large 3	650–700	690	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	1,035	1
Dairy Heifers	Large 3	550–600	550	155.00/cwt	155.00–155.00	853	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	600–650	626	266.73/cwt	250.00–280.00	1,670	12
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	750–800	768	215.89/cwt	197.00–225.00	1,658	4
Bred Cows	Medium 2	—	675	1,250.00/head	1,250.00–1,250.00	1,250	1
Dairy Heifers	Large 3	300–350	325	127.50/cwt	125.00–130.00	414	2
Dairy Steers	Large 3	600–650	600	157.00/cwt	157.00–157.00	942	1
Dairy Steers	Large 3	850–900	860	152.00/cwt	152.00–152.00	1,307	1
Steers	Medium and Large 3	450–500	495	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	842	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	350–400	365	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	730	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	300–350	328	313.34/cwt	300.00–327.00	1,028	8
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	250–300	276	300.49/cwt	285.00–325.00	829	7
Heifers	Medium and Large 1	950–1000	995	147.00/cwt	147.00–147.00	1,463	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 1	800–850	815	199.02/cwt	187.00–218.00	1,622	3
Steers	Medium and Large 3	350–400	365	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	602	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	500–550	520	182.46/cwt	165.00–201.00	949	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	550–600	568	188.48/cwt	187.00–190.00	1,071	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	600–650	625	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	1,063	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	650–700	670	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	905	1
Steers	Medium and Large 3	700–750	730	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	1,205	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	450–500	478	176.13/cwt	150.00–200.00	842	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	350–400	385	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	847	1
Steers	Medium and Large 3	500–550	505	175.00/cwt	175.00–175.00	884	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	500–550	523	182.49/cwt	180.00–185.00	954	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	450–500	490	217.47/cwt	215.00–220.00	1,066	2
Steers	Medium and Large 2	800–850	835	172.00/cwt	172.00–172.00	1,436	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	450–500	488	268.53/cwt	262.00–275.00	1,310	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	450–500	475	255.55/cwt	230.00–270.00	1,214	10
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	350–400	365	255.84/cwt	250.00–277.00	934	5
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	600–650	633	209.53/cwt	202.00–217.00	1,326	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	700–750	705	185.00/cwt	185.00–185.00	1,304	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	650–700	658	230.02/cwt	225.00–235.00	1,514	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	650–700	681	183.96/cwt	170.00–192.00	1,253	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	800–850	815	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	1,345	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	850–900	885	154.00/cwt	154.00–154.00	1,363	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	500–550	503	227.34/cwt	210.00–247.00	1,144	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	400–450	428	241.06/cwt	220.00–255.00	1,032	8
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	300–350	332	256.51/cwt	245.00–275.00	852	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	550–600	561	217.55/cwt	210.00–225.00	1,220	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	500–550	527	246.50/cwt	210.00–260.00	1,299	15
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	250–300	275	261.82/cwt	250.00–275.00	720	2
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	600–650	600	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	1,020	1
Steers	Medium and Large 2	550–600	580	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,450	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	700–750	737	140.67/cwt	140.00–142.00	1,037	3
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	250–300	285	270.00/cwt	270.00–270.00	770	1
Bulls	Medium and Large 2	400–450	423	262.74/cwt	235.00–275.00	1,111	10
Steers	Medium and Large 2	650–700	670	235.00/cwt	235.00–235.00	1,575	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	300–350	330	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	693	1
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	450–500	484	229.59/cwt	215.00–255.00	1,111	4
Bulls	Medium and Large 3	300–350	338	205.04/cwt	200.00–210.00	693	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	350–400	370	243.01/cwt	230.00–255.00	899	14
Heifers	Medium and Large 2	200–250	228	237.31/cwt	235.00–240.00	541	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	550–600	578	164.74/cwt	145.00–185.00	952	2
Heifers	Medium and Large 3	400–450	413	191.53/cwt	175.00–200.00	791	3

How this sale compares

North Carolina weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every North Carolina auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

North Carolina feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Harward Brothers Livestock Market - Turnersburg, NC

Mon Jun 3, 2024

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Raleigh, NC (RA-LS)

Feeder CattleReceipts 702Last week 391Year ago 837

Slaughter CattleReceipts 190Last week 90Year ago 276

Replacement CattleReceipts 24Last week 18Year ago 17

Compared to last week slaughter cattle were 4.00 to 6.00 higher, while feeder cattle were 2.00 to 4.00 higher. Trade and demand were moderate with moderate offerings. Quality of cattle was average.

25 head Goats: 50.00 - 155.00; 13 head Sheep: 55.00 - 145.00; 7 head Baby Calves: 50.00 - 540.00

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	250–300	285	300.00–310.00	304.82
6	300–350	337	290.00–315.00	298.43
6	350–400	381	270.00–310.00	286.86
7	400–450	419	287.00–335.00	305.09
15	450–500	469	280.00–318.00	297.74
16	500–550	516	287.00–315.00	300.13
33	550–600	579	280.00–319.00	302.94
12	600–650	618	270.00–297.00	282.12
13	650–700	658	257.00–280.00	273.36
4	700–750	726	230.00–254.00	242.08
1	750–800	765	236.00	236.00
2	800–850	838	190.00–222.00	205.95
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	325	235.00–270.00	253.58
2	400–450	428	235.00–270.00	252.19
2	450–500	488	262.00–275.00	268.53
6	500–550	514	225.00–277.00	258.04
1	550–600	580	250.00	250.00
1	600–650	635	250.00	250.00
1	650–700	670	235.00	235.00
1	800–850	835	172.00	172.00
Steers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	350–400	365	165.00	165.00
1	450–500	495	170.00	170.00
1	500–550	505	175.00	175.00
1	700–750	730	165.00	165.00
Dairy Steers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	450–500	460	170.00	170.00
2	500–550	525	150.00–160.00	154.95
1	550–600	575	197.00	197.00
1	600–650	600	157.00	157.00
2	700–750	735	142.00–145.00	143.50
1	800–850	820	135.00	135.00
1	850–900	860	152.00	152.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	200–250	228	235.00–240.00	237.31
1	250–300	285	270.00	270.00
3	300–350	332	245.00–275.00	256.51
14	350–400	370	230.00–255.00	243.01
8	400–450	428	220.00–255.00	241.06
4	450–500	484	215.00–255.00	229.59
3	500–550	503	210.00–247.00	227.34
4	550–600	561	210.00–225.00	217.55
2	600–650	633	202.00–217.00	209.53
4	650–700	681	170.00–192.00	183.96
3	700–750	737	140.00–142.00	140.67
2	750–800	765	130.00–165.00	147.16
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	245	310.00	310.00
6	250–300	278	287.00–315.00	302.03
14	300–350	331	270.00–290.00	279.22
19	350–400	374	260.00–297.00	282.86
13	400–450	425	260.00–290.00	274.94
25	450–500	468	250.00–285.00	268.51
26	500–550	527	230.00–270.00	251.32
21	550–600	573	230.00–275.00	248.23
20	600–650	620	220.00–255.00	234.71
9	650–700	678	222.00–236.00	226.11
3	700–750	713	175.00–200.00	191.71
3	750–800	762	150.00–185.00	166.86
8	800–850	809	152.00–190.00	172.23
7	850–900	870	144.00–175.00	159.27
5	900–950	923	140.00–177.00	155.59
1	950–1000	995	147.00	147.00
Heifers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	330	210.00	210.00
1	350–400	365	200.00	200.00
3	400–450	413	175.00–200.00	191.53
4	450–500	478	150.00–200.00	176.13
4	500–550	520	165.00–201.00	182.46
2	550–600	578	145.00–185.00	164.74
1	600–650	625	170.00	170.00
1	650–700	670	135.00	135.00
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	250–300	275	250.00–275.00	261.82
4	300–350	323	260.00–280.00	271.14
5	350–400	365	250.00–277.00	255.84
10	400–450	423	235.00–275.00	262.74
10	450–500	475	230.00–270.00	255.55
15	500–550	527	210.00–260.00	246.50
4	550–600	563	220.00–250.00	237.56
6	600–650	621	220.00–237.00	230.74
2	650–700	658	225.00–235.00	230.02
1	700–750	705	185.00	185.00
1	800–850	815	165.00	165.00
1	850–900	885	154.00	154.00
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
3	200–250	208	300.00–315.00	310.20
7	250–300	276	285.00–325.00	300.49
8	300–350	328	300.00–327.00	313.34
15	350–400	375	270.00–327.00	292.26
9	400–450	419	280.00–322.00	299.60
19	450–500	476	267.00–305.00	278.62
18	500–550	520	265.00–302.00	282.46
16	550–600	562	257.00–290.00	273.05
12	600–650	626	250.00–280.00	266.73
9	650–700	668	240.00–270.00	255.97
14	700–750	725	202.00–245.00	226.80
4	750–800	768	197.00–225.00	215.89
3	800–850	815	187.00–218.00	199.02
1	900–950	925	160.00	160.00
2	950–1000	968	162.00–186.00	173.78
Bulls — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	338	200.00–210.00	205.04
1	350–400	385	220.00	220.00
2	450–500	490	215.00–220.00	217.47
2	500–550	523	180.00–185.00	182.49
2	550–600	568	187.00–190.00	188.48
1	600–650	600	170.00	170.00
Dairy Heifers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	325	125.00–130.00	127.50
1	350–400	360	145.00	145.00
1	550–600	550	155.00	155.00
1	650–700	690	150.00	150.00

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
99	—	1,303	127.00–148.00	136.98
10	—	1,248	149.00–160.00	153.89
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	935	92.00–100.00	97.68
3	—	692	72.00–86.00	78.75
5	—	1,234	121.00–126.00	125.01
14	—	975	102.00–120.00	114.16
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	1,856	146.00–156.00	149.73
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,925	170.00–182.00	174.06
1	—	1,120	145.00	145.00
15	—	1,387	150.00–167.00	156.22

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	2	—	795	2,025.00–2,175.00	2,092.45
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	6	—	992	1,700.00–2,550.00	2,101.51
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	870	1,450.00	1,450.00
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	7	—	1,119	950.00–1,975.00	1,647.54
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	2	—	853	1,300.00–1,775.00	1,566.06
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	5	—	1,121	1,650.00–1,900.00	1,792.60
Bred Cows — Medium 2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	675	1,250.00	1,250.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.

Feeder Cattle — prices, barns, and planning

Fed Cattle — the cash market and what quality pays

Beef & Retail — from the box to the grocery shelf

Feed & Hay — the cost side, cash not futures

Cows & Bred Stock — the rebuild market

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Turnersburg Livestock Auction

Reporter comment USDA

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

What quality paid 500–600 lb

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

How it compared 500–600 lb

Slaughter cattle

Replacement cattle Per head

Every lot, as filed

How this sale compares

Harward Brothers Livestock Market - Turnersburg, NC

Feeder Cattle

Slaughter Cattle

Replacement Cattle